海上货物运输合同下大宗散货短量责任|散裂进化法哲学应用系列之一(上)
2019-11-09

任雁冰

摘要     

关于提单项下大宗散货短量责任,根据我国法律、国际条约及国际规则、行政法规和规章、司法规则、案例规则及英国法等,可归纳出十三个问题,以尽量全面、客观地描述和总结当前的实际情况,系统地呈现出这类争议的“实然法”,而不是“应然法”,但希望能对将来的规则酌定和案件处理有所启发。

 

然而,在此问题上,当前“实然法”却充满着矛盾。这应属裁判规则最为混乱的常规海事法律问题之一。需指出,当前“实然法”,并非凭空产生,而是从之前的法律实践历程中演变而来。同理,当前“实然法”也必然会继续演进,从而产生未来的“实然法”。这种演进过程,本质上则是不同法律意志之间相互激荡而形成的动态战局。

问题一:货物短量在千分之五(散装固体货物)或者千分之二等(散装液体货物)以内的,承运人是否应承担赔偿责任?

我国现有判例存在两种不同认定。

问题二:货物短量超过千分之五(散装固体货物)或者千分之二等(散装液体货物)的,计算损失时是否应相应扣减千分之五或千分之二等?

我国现有判例存在两种不同认定。

问题三:是否存在承运人对短量千分之五或者千分之二等免责的国际惯例或国际贸易惯例或行业惯例?如何证明?

我国现有判例存在两种不同认定。

问题四:散装液体货物卸货港实测密度与船方适用的装货港货物密度表密度不一致时,是否应采用卸货港实测密度来确定货物短量?

我国现有判例存在不同认定。

问题五:散装固体货物短量应以提单数量减去卸货港水尺数量,还是以装货港水尺数量减去卸货港水尺数量?

我国现有判例存在不同认定。

问题六:散装固体货物的装货港水尺数或者散装液体货物的船舱空距数低于签发的提单数时,是否认定船方签发提单的行为存在过错,或者说,是否认定船方对此部分短量负责?

我国现有判例存在不同认定。

问题七:货物短量发生的责任期间,我国现有判例认定较为一致。

问题八:对于散装液体货物,流量计计重、船舱空距计重及岸罐计重以何者为准的问题,我国现有判例认定较为一致。与此类似,对于散装固体货物,水尺计重和地磅计重以何者为准的问题,我国现有判例认定较为一致。

但也存在一定问题,比如,装、卸两港是否应采用同一种计量方式,我国现有判例存在不同认定。同时,参照英国法,此问题也有一些疑问。

问题九:散装固体货物发生短量的,是否应扣减水分挥发造成的短少?

我国现有判例中未发现允许扣减者。

问题十:湿性货物运输中,是以“干吨”还是“湿吨”作为货物短量的依据?

我国现有判例认为,对此应结合具体案件各方当事人举证情况综合认定。

问题十一:散装固体货物发生短量在千分之五以内的,是否可以参考承运船舶的载重线等多种因素,以综合查明此种短量是误差,还是真正短少?

我国现有一宗案例认为不能。此问题有待进一步探讨。

问题十二:在确定船舶在卸货港交货数量时,怎样考量船舶经验系数(Vessel’s Experience Factor, VEF)?

我国现有案例存在不同认定,但相关辨析均较为粗略。

问题十三:承运人对于货差能否免责的举证问题,我国现有判例对于举证责任应由承运人承担,认定较为一致;但对于承运人应举证至何种程度,我国现有判例的认定仍有差异。

 

这十三个问题对应的“实然法”体现在下列法律规范系统中。

 

(一)我国法律【全国人大及其常委会(立法机关)的法律意志】

1、海商法律:《海商法》

2、行政法律:《进出口商品检验法》

 

(二)国际法【成员国共同的法律意志】

1、对我国生效的国际条约:《1974年国际海上人命安全公约》(SOLAS)

2、对我国生效的国际规则之一:SOLAS附件之一:国际谷物规则(International Grain Code)

3、对我国生效的国际规则之二:SOLAS附件之二:国际海运固体散货规则(IMSBC)

4、对我国生效的国际规则之三:SOLAS附件之三:国际海运危险货物规则(IMDG)

5、未对我国生效的国际条约之一:United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea(2008年鹿特丹规则)

6、未对我国生效的国际条约之二:United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea(1978年汉堡规则)

7、未对我国生效的国际条约之三:Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading(1968年海牙-维斯比规则)

8、国际惯例:此类案件中是否存在相关国际惯例,我国现有判例存在不同认定。

 

(三)行政规则【国务院等行政机关的法律意志】

1、行政法规之一:《中华人民共和国进出口商品检验法实施条例》(2016年修订版)

2、部门规章之一:《出入境检验检疫机构实施检验检疫的进出境商品目录》

3、部门规章之二:《进口商品残损检验鉴定管理办法》(2007年10月1日起施行)

4、技术操作规程之一:《进出口商品重量鉴定规程 – 水尺计重》

5、技术操作规程之二:《进出口商品重量鉴定规程 – 液体产品静态计重》

6、技术操作规程之三:《进出口商品重量鉴定规程 – 流量计计重》

7、技术操作规程之四:《进出口商品重量鉴定规程 – 衡器鉴重》

8、技术操作规程之五:《原油和石油产品转运责任 – 船上货量和余留在船上原油量的估算方法》

9、技术操作规程之六:《进出口商品容器计重规程 – 第2部分:动植物油岸上立式金属罐静态计重》

 

(四)司法规则【最高人民法院等司法机关的普遍性法律意志】

1、司法解释(暂无)

2、最高人民法院指导意见之一:《全国海事法院院长座谈会纪要》(2001年7月19日至20日)

3、最高人民法院复函之一:《最高人民法院关于南京石油运输有限公司与华泰财产保险股份有限公司石家庄分公司海上货运运输保险代位求偿一案有关适用法律问题的请示的复函》([2005]民四他字第1-1号,2006年5月11日发布)

4、地方法院指导意见之一:《上海市高级人民法院审理海事案件若干问题的讨论纪要(一)(试行)》(沪高法[2001]286号)

 

(五)案例规则【最高人民法院等司法机关的个案法律意志】

1、海事指导案例(暂无)

2、典型海事案例(暂无)

3、公报海事案例

3.1财保北京支公司诉铜河公司、寰宇公司海上货物运输合同代位求偿纠纷案(《最高人民法院公报》2007年第8期)

4、最高人民法院精选海事案例

4.1中国人民财产保险股份有限公司北京市直属支公司与铜河海运有限公司等海上货物运输合同纠纷案(贺荣主编《中国海事审判精品案例》之案例10)

4.2中国平安财产保险股份有限公司贵州分公司与中远散货运输有限公司海上货物运输合同纠纷案(贺荣主编《中国海事审判精品案例》之案例19)

5、地方法院精选海事案例

5.1海上货物运输合同项下货损货差的举证和认定 – 德清县新市油厂诉巴拿马蒂哪枚克凯奥有限公司海上货物运输合同货损货差案(赵红主编《上海海事法院三十年案例精选》案例23)

6、最高人民法院海事案例

6.1最高人民法院(2016)最高法民申45号民事裁定书

6.2最高人民法院(2016)最高法民申1109号民事裁定书

7、基础海事案例

7.1广东省高级人民法院(2009)粤高法民四终字第427号民事判决书

7.2天津市高级人民法院(2016)津民终240号民事判决书

7.3广州海事法院(2000)广海法初字第79号民事判决书

7.4大连海事法院(2003)大海商外初字第11号民事判决书

7.5广州海事法院(2005)广海法初字第274号民事判决书

7.6武汉海事法院(2005)武海法商字第183号民事判决书

7.7广州海事法院(2007)广海法初字第126号民事判决书

7.8上海海事法院(2013)沪海法商初字第1608号民事判决书

 

(六)外国法之英国法

1、英国判例法之一:The “Irini M” (1988) 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 253

2、英国判例法之二:The “George S” (1989) 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 369

3、英国判例法之三:The “Destro” (1927) 29 Lloyd’s Rep. 133

关键词     

提单  货差  法律规范系统

摘要中所述提单项下大宗散货短量责任十三个问题,体现于下列法律规范系统中。

一、我国法律【全国人大及其常委会(立法机关)的法律意志】:  

1.1海事民商法律之一:《中华人民共和国海商法》

 

【1.1.1】第七十一条 提单,是指用以证明海上货物运输合同和货物已经由承运人接收或者装船,以及承运人保证据以交付货物的单证。提单中载明的向记名人交付货物,或者按照指示人的指示交付货物,或者向提单持有人交付货物的条款,构成承运人据以交付货物的保证。

【1.1.2】第七十五条 承运人或者代其签发提单的人,知道或者有合理的根据怀疑提单记载的货物的品名、标志、包数或者件数、重量或者体积与实际接收的货物不符,在签发已装船提单的情况下怀疑与已装船的货物不符,或者没有适当的方法核对提单记载的,可以在提单上批注,说明不符之处、怀疑的根据或者说明无法核对。

【1.1.3】第七十六条 承运人或者代其签发提单的人未在提单上批注货物表面状况的,视为货物的表面状况良好。

【1.1.4】第七十七条 除依照本法第七十五条的规定作出保留外,承运人或者代其签发提单的人签发的提单,是承运人已经按照提单所载状况收到货物或者货物已经装船的初步证据;承运人向善意受让提单的包括收货人在内的第三人提出的与提单所载状况不同的证据,不予承认。

【1.1.5】第七十八条第一款 承运人同收货人、提单持有人之间的权利、义务关系,依据提单的规定确定。

【1.1.6】第四十六条 承运人对集装箱装运的货物的责任期间,是指从装货港接收货物时起至卸货港交付货物时止,货物处于承运人掌管之下的全部期间。承运人对非集装箱装运的货物的责任期间,是指从货物装上船时起至卸下船时止,货物处于承运人掌管之下的全部期间。在承运人的责任期间,货物发生灭失或者损坏,除本节另有规定外,承运人应当负赔偿责任。

前款规定,不影响承运人就非集装箱装运的货物,在装船前和卸船后所承担的责任,达成任何协议。

【1.1.7】第五十一条 在责任期间货物发生的灭失或者损坏是由于下列原因之一造成的,承运人不负赔偿责任:

(一)船长、船员、引航员或者承运人的其他受雇人在驾驶船舶或者管理船舶中的过失;

(二)火灾,但是由于承运人本人的过失所造成的除外;

(三)天灾,海上或者其他可航水域的危险或者意外事故;

(四)战争或者武装冲突;

(五)政府或者主管部门的行为、检疫限制或者司法扣押;

(六)罢工、停工或者劳动受到限制;

(七)在海上救助或者企图救助人命或者财产;

(八)托运人、货物所有人或者他们的代理人的行为;

(九)货物的自然特性或者固有缺陷;

(十)货物包装不良或者标志欠缺、不清;

(十一)经谨慎处理仍未发现的船舶潜在缺陷;

(十二)非由于承运人或者承运人的受雇人、代理人的过失造成的其他原因。

承运人依照前款规定免除赔偿责任的,除第(二)项规定的原因外,应当负举证责任。

1.2行政法律之一:《中华人民共和国进出口商品检验法》(2013年修正版)

 

【1.2.1】第三条 商检机构和经国家商检部门许可的检验机构,依法对进出口商品实施检验。

【1.2.2】第四条 进出口商品检验应当根据保护人类健康和安全、保护动物或者植物的生命和健康、保护环境、防止欺诈行为、维护国家安全的原则,由国家商检部门制定、调整必须实施检验的进出口商品目录(以下简称目录)并公布实施。

【1.2.3】第七条 列入目录的进出口商品,按照国家技术规范的强制性要求进行检验;尚未制定国家技术规范的强制性要求的,应当依法及时制定,未制定之前,可以参照国家商检部门指定的国外有关标准进行检验。

【1.2.4】第十二条 本法规定必须经商检机构检验的进口商品的收货人或者其代理人,应当在商检机构规定的地点和期限内,接受商检机构对进口商品的检验。商检机构应当在国家商检部门统一规定的期限内检验完毕,并出具检验证单。

【1.2.5】第十三条 本法规定必须经商检机构检验的进口商品以外的进口商品的收货人,发现进口商品质量不合格或者残损短缺,需要由商检机构出证索赔的,应当向商检机构申请检验出证。

二、国际法【成员国共同的法律意志】:    

2.1已对我国生效的海事国际条约之一:《1974年国际海上人命安全公约》(SOLAS)

 

该国际条约本身对此问题无直接规定,相关规定体现于其附件中。

 

2.2对我国生效的国际规则之一:SOLAS附件之一:国际谷物规则(IGC)

(备注:根据具体案件及货物品名查阅)

 

2.3对我国生效的国际规则之二:SOLAS附件之二:国际海运固体散货规则(IMSBC)

(备注:根据具体案件及货物品名查阅)

 

2.4对我国生效的国际规则之三:SOLAS附件之三:国际海运危险货物规则(IMDG)

(备注:根据具体案件及货物品名查阅)

 

2.5未对我国生效的国际条约之一:United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea(2008年鹿特丹规则)

Chapter 4

Obligations of the Carrier

Article 11

Carriage and delivery of the goods

The carrier shall, subject to this Convention and in accordance with the terms of the contract of carriage, carry the goods to the place of destination and deliver them to the consignee.

Article 12

Period of responsibility of the carrier

1.The period of responsibility of the carrier for the goods under this Convention begins when the carrier or a performing party receives the goods for carriage and ends when the goods are delivered.

2.(a)If the law or regulations of the place of receipt require the goods to be handed over to an authority or other third party from which the carrier may collect them, the period of responsibility of the carrier begins when the carrier collects the goods from the authority or other third party.

(b)If the law or regulations of the place of delivery require the carrier to hand over the goods to an authority or other third party from which the consignee may collect them, the period of responsibility of the carrier ends when the carrier hands the goods over to the authority or other third party.

3.For the purpose of determining the carrier’s period of responsibility, the parties may agree on the time and location of receipt and delivery of the goods, but a provision in a contract of carriage is void to the extent that it provides that:

(a)  The time of receipt of the goods is subsequent to the beginning of their initial loading under the contract of carriage; or

(b)The time of delivery of the goods is prior to the completion of their final unloading under the contract of carriage.

Article 13

Specific obligations

1.The carrier shall during the period of its responsibility as defined in article 12, and subject to article 26, properly and carefully receive, load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, unload and deliver the goods.

2.Notwithstanding paragraph 1 of this article, and without prejudice to the other provisions in chapter 4 and to chapters 5 to 7, the carrier and the shipper may agree that the loading, handling, stowing or unloading of the goods is to be performed by the shipper, the documentary shipper or the consignee. Such an agreement shall be referred to in the contract particulars.

Article 14

Specific obligations applicable to the voyage by sea

The carrier is bound before, at the beginning of, and during the voyage by sea to exercise due diligence to:

(a)Make and keep the ship seaworthy;

(b)Properly crew, equip and supply the ship and keep the ship so crewed, equipped and supplied throughout the voyage; and

(c)Make and keep the holds and all other parts of the ship in which the goods are carried, and any containers supplied by the carrier in or upon which the goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation.

 

Chapter 5

Liability of the carrier for loss, damage or delay

 Article 17

Basis of liability

1.The carrier is liable for loss of or damage to the goods, as well as for delay in delivery, if the claimant proves that the loss, damage, or delay, or the event or circumstance that caused or contributed to it took place during the period of the carrier’s responsibility as defined in chapter 4.

2.The carrier is relieved of all or part of its liability pursuant to paragraph 1 of this article if it proves that the cause or one of the causes of the loss, damage, or delay is not attributable to its fault or to the fault of any person referred to in article 18.

3.The carrier is also relieved of all or part of its liability pursuant to paragraph 1 of this article if, alternatively to proving the absence of fault as provided in paragraph 2 of this article, it proves that one or more of the following events or circumstances caused or contributed to the loss, damage, or delay:

 created by governments, public authorities, rulers, or people including detention, arrest, or seizure not attributable to the carrier or any person referred to in article 18;

(e)Strikes, lockouts, stoppages, or restraints of labour;

(f)Fire on the ship;

(g)Latent defects not discoverable by due diligence;

(h)Act or omission of the shipper, the documentary shipper, the controlling party, or any other person for whose acts the shipper or the documentary shipper is liable pursuant to article 33 or 34;

(i)Loading, handling, stowing, or unloading of the goods performed pursuant to an agreement in accordance with article 13, paragraph 2, unless the carrier or a performing party performs such activity on behalf of the shipper, the documentary shipper or the consignee;

(j)Wastage in bulk or weight or any other loss or damage arising from inherent defect, quality, or vice of the goods;

(k)Insufficiency or defective condition of packing or marking not performed by or on behalf of the carrier;

(l)Saving or attempting to save life at sea;

(m)Reasonable measures to save or attempt to save property at sea;

(n)Reasonable measures to avoid or attempt to avoid damage to the environment; or

(o)Acts of the carrier in pursuance of the powers conferred by articles 15 and 16.

4.Notwithstanding paragraph 3 of this article, the carrier is liable for all or part of the loss, damage, or delay:  

(a)  If the claimant proves that the fault of the carrier or of a person referred to in article 18 caused or contributed to the event or circumstance on which the carrier relies; or

(b)  If the claimant proves that an event or circumstance not listed in paragraph 3 of this article contributed to the loss, damage, or delay, and the carrier cannot prove that this event or circumstance is not attributable to its fault or to the fault of any person referred to in article 18.

5.The carrier is also liable, notwithstanding paragraph 3 of this article, for all or part of the loss, damage, or delay if:

(a)The claimant proves that the loss, damage, or delay was or was probably caused by or contributed to by (i) the unseaworthiness of the ship; (ii) the improper crewing, equipping, and supplying of the ship; or (iii) the fact that the holds or other parts of the ship in which the goods are carried, or any containers supplied by the carrier in or upon which the goods are carried, were not fit and safe for reception, carriage, and preservation of the goods; and

(b)The carrier is unable to prove either that: (i) none of the events or circumstances referred to in subparagraph 5 (a) of this article caused the loss, damage, or delay; or (ii) it complied with its obligation to exercise due diligence pursuant to article 14.

6.When the carrier is relieved of part of its liability pursuant to this article, the carrier is liable only for that part of the loss, damage or delay that is attributable to the event or circumstance for which it is liable pursuant to this article.

2.6未对我国生效的国际条约之二:United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea(1978年汉堡规则)

 

Article 4.  Period of responsibility

1. The responsibility of the carrier for the goods under this Convention covers the period during which the carrier is in charge of the goods at the port of loading, during the carriage and at the port of discharge.

2. For the purpose of paragraph 1 of this article, the carrier is deemed to be in charge of the goods

(a) from the time he has taken over the goods from:

(i) the shipper, or a person acting on his behalf; or

(ii) an authority or other third party to whom, pursuant to law or regulations applicable at the port of loading, the goods must be handed over for shipment;

(b) until the time he has delivered the goods:

(i) by handing over the goods to the consignee; or

(ii) in cases where the consignee does not receive the goods from the carrier, by placing them at the disposal of the consignee in accordance with the contract or with the law or with the usage of the particular trade, applicable at the port of discharge; or

(iii) by handing over the goods to an authority or other third party to whom, pursuant to law or regulations applicable at the port of discharge, the goods must be handed over.

3. In paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article, reference to the carrier or to the consignee means, in addition to the carrier or the consignee, the servants or agents, respectively of the carrier or the consignee.

Article 5. Basis of liability

1. The carrier is liable for loss resulting from loss of or damage to the goods, as well as from delay in delivery, if the occurrence which caused the loss, damage or delay took place while the goods were in his charge as defined in article 4, unless the carrier proves that he, his servants or agents took all measures that could reasonably be required to avoid the occurrence and its consequences.

7. Where fault or neglect on the part of the carrier, his servants or agents combines with another cause to produce loss, damage or delay in delivery, the carrier is liable only to the extent that the loss, damage or delay in delivery is attributable to such fault or neglect, provided that the carrier proves the amount of the loss, damage or delay in delivery not attributable thereto.

2.7未对我国生效的国际条约之三:Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading(1968年海牙-维斯比规则)

Article III

Responsibilities and Liabilities

1. The carrier shall be bound, before and at the beginning of the voyage, to exercise due diligence to

(a) make the ship seaworthy;

(b) properly man, equip and supply the ship;

(c) make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation.

2. Subject to the provisions of Article IV, the carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for and discharge the goods carried.

3. After receiving the goods into his charge, the carrier, or the master or agent of the carrier, shall, on demand of the shipper, issue to the shipper a bill of lading showing among other things

(a) the leading marks necessary for identification of the goods as the same are furnished in writing by the shipper before the loading of such goods starts, provided such marks are stamped or otherwise shown clearly upon the goods if uncovered, or on the cases or coverings in which such goods are contained, in such a manner as should ordinarily remain legible until the end of the voyage;

(b) either the number of packages or pieces, or the quantity, or weight, as the case may be, as furnished in writing by the shipper;

(c) the apparent order and condition of the goods:

Provided that no carrier, master or agent of the carrier shall be bound to state or show in the bill of lading any marks, number, quantity, or weight which he has reasonable ground for suspecting not accurately to represent the goods actually received or which he has had no reasonable means of checking.

4. Such a bill of lading shall be prima facie evidence of the receipt by the carrier of the goods as therein described in accordance with paragraphs 3(a), (b) and (c).

However, proof to the contrary shall not be admissible when the bill of lading has been transferred to a third party acting in good faith.

Article IV

Rights and Immunities

1. Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be liable for loss or damage arising or resulting from unseaworthiness unless caused by want of due diligence on the part of the carrier to make the ship seaworthy, and to secure that the ship is properly manned, equipped and supplied, and to make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article III.

Whenever loss or damage has resulted from unseaworthiness, the burden of proving the exercise of due diligence shall be on the carrier or other person claiming exemption under this article.

2. Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible for loss or damage arising or resulting from

(a) act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship;

(b) fire, unless caused by the actual fault or privity of the carrier;

(c) perils, dangers and accidents of the sea or other navigable waters;

(d) act of God;

(e) act of war;

(f) act of public enemies;

(g) arrest or restraint of princes, rulers or people, or seizure under legal process;

(h) quarantine restrictions;

(i) act or omission of the shipper or owner of the goods, his agent or representative;

(j) strikes or lock-outs or stoppage or restraint of labour from whatever cause, whether partial or general;

(k) riots and civil commotions;

(l) saving or attempting to save life or property at sea;

(m) wastage in bulk or weight or any other loss or damage arising from inherent defect, quality or vice of the goods;

(n) insufficiency of packing;

(o) insufficiency or inadequacy of marks;

(p) latent defects not discoverable by due diligence;

(q) any other cause arising without the actual fault and privity of the carrier, or without the fault or neglect of the agents or servants of the carrier, but the burden of proof shall be on the person claiming the benefit of this exception to show that neither the actual fault or privity of the carrier nor the fault or neglect of the agents or servants of the carrier contributed to the loss or damage.

2.8国际惯例:此类案件中是否存在相关国际惯例,我国现有判例存在不同认定。

三、行政规则【国务院等行政机关的法律意志】    

3.1行政法规之一:《中华人民共和国进出口商品检验法实施条例》(2016年修订版)

【3.1.1】第四条第一款 出入境检验检疫机构对列入目录的进出口商品以及法律、行政法规规定须经出入境检验检疫机构检验的其他进出口商品实施检验(以下称法定检验)。

【3.1.2】第七条第一款和第二款 法定检验的进出口商品,由出入境检验检疫机构依照商检法第七条规定实施检验。

国家质检总局根据进出口商品检验工作的实际需要和国际标准,可以制定进出口商品检验方法的技术规范和标准。

【3.1.3】第九条 出入境检验检疫机构对进出口商品实施检验的内容,包括是否符合安全、卫生、健康、环境保护、防止欺诈等要求以及相关的品质、数量、重量等项目。

【3.1.4】第十六条第一款 法定检验的进口商品的收货人应当持合同、发票、装箱单、提单等必要的凭证和相关批准文件,向海关报关地的出入境检验检疫机构报检;海关放行后20日内,收货人应当依照本条例第十八条的规定,向出入境检验检疫机构申请检验。法定检验的进口商品未经检验的,不准销售,不准使用。

【3.1.5】第二十条第三款 法定检验以外的进口商品的收货人,发现进口商品质量不合格或者残损、短缺,申请出证的,出入境检验检疫机构或者其他检验机构应当在检验后及时出证。

 

3.2部门规章之一:《出入境检验检疫机构实施检验检疫的进出境商品目录》

(备注:需按个案货物具体名称查询)

 

3.3部门规章之二:《进口商品残损检验鉴定管理办法》(2007年10月1日起施行)

【3.3.1】第五条  检验检疫机构根据需要对有残损的下列进口商品实施残损检验鉴定:

(一)列入检验检疫机构必须实施检验检疫的进出境商品目录内的进口商品;

(二)法定检验以外的进口商品的收货人或者其他贸易关系人,发现进口商品质量不合格或者残损、短缺,申请出证的;

(三)进口的危险品、废旧物品;

(四)实行验证管理、配额管理,并需由检验检疫机构检验的进口商品;

(五)涉嫌有欺诈行为的进口商品;

(六)收货人或者其他贸易关系人需要检验检疫机构出证索赔的进口商品;

(七)双边、多边协议协定、国际条约规定,或国际组织委托、指定的进口商品;

(八)相关法律、行政法规规定须经检验检疫机构检验的其他进口商品。

【3.3.2】第十三条 检验检疫机构按国家技术规范的强制性要求实施残损检验鉴定。尚未制订规范、标准的可以参照国外有关技术规范、标准检验。

 

3.4技术操作规程之一:《进出口商品重量鉴定规程 – 水尺计重》

 

3.5技术操作规程之二:《进出口商品重量鉴定规程 – 液体产品静态计重》

 

3.6技术操作规程之三:《进出口商品重量鉴定规程 – 流量计计重》

 

3.7技术操作规程之四:《进出口商品重量鉴定规程 – 衡器鉴重》

 

3.8技术操作规程之五:《原油和石油产品转运责任 – 船上货量和余留在船上原油量的估算方法》

 

3.9技术操作规程之六:《进出口商品容器计重规程 – 第2部分:动植物油岸上立式金属罐静态计重》

四、司法规则【最高人民法院等司法机关的普遍性法律意志】:    

4.1海事司法解释(暂无)

 

4.2最高人民法院指导意见之一:《全国海事法院院长座谈会纪要》(2001年7月19日至20日)

三、关于海上货物运输中承运人的认定及责任

海商法第四十二条规定了海上货物运输中承运人的定义,并规定提单是运输合同的证明。在提单作为惟一运输单证时,若提单没有抬头,除非签发人能证明代签的事实,否则应当以提单签发人作为承运人。

在审理海上货物运输纠纷案件中,要严格依照海商法和《中华人民共和国民法通则》(以下简称“民法通则”)的规定确定承运人的责任,并准确把握海商法作为特别法与民法通则在法律适用上的关系。在认定承运人倒签、预借提单的事实后,承运人应承担与其违反法律规定的行为有直接因果关系的损害后果。

在海上货物运输特别是大宗散装货物的运输纠纷案件中,根据海商法的规定,由于货物本身的质量或者潜在缺陷造成的货损和属于正常范围内的货物减量、耗损或重量误差,承运人不承担赔偿责任。

一般情况下,合法持有正本提单的人向承运人主张无单放货损失赔偿的,应定性为违约纠纷,承运人应当承担与无单放货行为有直接因果关系的损失赔偿责任。

4.3最高人民法院复函之一:《最高人民法院关于南京石油运输有限公司与华泰财产保险股份有限公司石家庄分公司海上货运运输保险代位求偿一案有关适用法律问题的请示的复函》([2005]民四他字第1-1号,2006年5月11日发布)

 

天津市高级人民法院:

你院经高法[2005]170号《关于南京石油运输有限公司与华泰财产保险股份有限公司石家庄分公司海上货运运输保险代位求偿一案有关适用法律问题的请示》收悉。经研究,答复如下:

1、关于承运人对散装液体货物运输责任期间的认定。我国《海商法》第46条规定,承运人对于非集装箱装运的货物责任期间是从货物装上船时起至卸下船时止,货物处于承运人掌管之下的全部期间。由于散装液体货物在形态上不同于其他散装货物,因此,承运人对于散装液体货物运输的责任期间,应自装货港船舶输油管线与岸罐输油管线连接的法兰盘末端时起至卸货港船舶输油管线与岸罐输油管线连接的法兰盘末端时止,货物处于承运人掌管之下的全部期间。

2、关于对散装液体货物交货数量证据效力的认定。在收货人未能提供有效证据证明货物短少发生在承运人责任期间的情况下,承运人提供的船舶干舱证书、空距报告,具有证明散装液体货物交货数量的效力。收货人提供的岸罐重量检验证书,除非经承运人同意,否则不具有证明散装液体货物交货数量的效力。

此复。

 

附:天津市高级人民法院关于南京石油运输有限公司与华泰财产保险股份有限公司石家庄分公司海上货物运输保险代位求偿一案有关适用法律问题的请示报告(2005年9月15日 津高法[2005]170号)(略)

4.4地方法院海事规范文件之一:《上海市高级人民法院审理海事案件若干问题的讨论纪要(一)(试行)》(沪高法[2001]286号)

 

三、关于大宗散货运输、装卸、计量的合理允耗、允差问题

(一)运输、装卸合理允耗的确定

当事人对运输、装卸合理允耗的标准有约定的从其约定,没有约定的,按以下原则认定:

1、交通部等国家相关部门已确定合理允耗标准的大宗散货,如煤炭,应按照标准认定合理允耗。

2、交通部等国家相关部门没有确定合理允耗标准的大宗散货,如铁矿,可参照我国参加的《国际铁路货物联运协定》规定的标准认定合理允耗。

3、货物在运输过程中多次中转换装的,按中转换装的次数,增加相应合理允耗。

4、运输、装卸大宗散货的合理允耗确定后,不再扣减货物在运输过程中因水分蒸发而产生的减量数额。

(二)计量合理允差的确定

1、参照国际惯例,大宗散货在运输交接过程中的计量允差通常可确定为0.5%,(汽油5‰,柴油3‰,袋装3‰,水尺5‰)。

2、国内沿海运输亦可参照适用上述标准。

3、大宗散货计量合理允差,应与运输、装卸的合理允耗分别计算。